An entire generation of mothers and fathers (but especially mothers) were made to feel responsible for their offspring’s autism (Sacks 247-48). During this period, autism was often seen as a defence mechanism, or it was misdiagnosed as childhood schizophrenia. Although Asperger saw the condition as a biological defect of the emotions that was inborn and therefore similar to a physical defect, Kanner saw it as psychological in origin, as reflecting poor parenting and particularly a frigidly distant mother. The condition is often not noticeable in the child’s first year, yet it becomes more apparent as the child reaches the age of two or three. It occurs in approximately one in a thousand children, and it exists in all parts of the world, its characteristics strikingly similar in vastly differing cultures. The cause of the condition autism has been disputed. What follows is an example of illegitimate paraphrase: A whole generation of parents-mothers, particularly-were made to feel guilty for the autism of their children. Though Asperger regarded it as a biological defect of affective contact-innate, inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defect-Kanner tended to view it as a psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of a chillingly remote, often professional, "refrigerator mother." At this time, autism was often regarded as "defensive" in nature, or confused with childhood schizophrenia. It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second or third year. Its incidence is about one in a thousand, and it occurs throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures. The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Let’s look at examples of illegitimate and legitimate paraphrase, using a passage from Oliver Sacks’ essay “An Anthropologist on Mars”:
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